Symbols in political centres. Where they are and what they mean

Gigantic clusters: where are they and what are they doing

C lusters are like skyscrapers—mammoth structures towering above their smaller counterparts—except that skyscrapers have longer lives. The race to build ever bigger clusters is on, largely driven by emerging scientific and engineering applications. Several research efforts are underway at various universities and US research laboratories. In this article, I examine some of the largest clusters ...

Unicolonial ants: where do they come from, what are they and where are they going?

Unicolonial ant populations are the most extensive cooperative units known in nature, forming networks of interconnected nests extending sometimes hundreds of kilometers. Within such a supercolony, worker altruistic behavior might be maladaptive, because it seems to aid random members of the population instead of relatives. However, recent genetic and behavioral data show that, viewed on a suff...

Accountable Care Organizations: What are they? Where are they coming from? Where will they lead?

Universal Grammar and Chaos/Complexity Theory: Where Do They Meet And Where Do They Cross?

  Abstract The present study begins by sketching "Chaos/Complexity Theory" (C/CT) and its applica-tion to the nature of language and language acquisition. Then, the theory of "Universal Grammar" (UG) is explicated with an eye to C/CT. Firstly, it is revealed that CCT may or may not be allied with a theory of language acquisition that takes UG as the initial state of language acquisition for ...

Bacterial EPIYA effectors – Where do they come from? What are they? Where are they going?

Recent studies have revealed a distinct class of bacterial effectors defined by the presence of EPIYA or EPIYA-related motif. These bacterial EPIYA effectors are delivered into host cells via type III or IV secretion, where they undergo tyrosine phosphorylation at the EPIYA motif and thereby manipulate host signalling by promiscuously interacting with multiple SH2 domain-containing proteins. Up...